Ĭharging and operation of batteries typically results in the emission of hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur, which are naturally occurring and normally harmless if properly vented. The efficiency (70–75%) and storage capacity of the current generation of common deep cycle lead acid batteries decreases with lower temperatures, and diverting power to run a heating coil reduces efficiency and range by up to 40%. While the difference isn't as extreme as it first appears due to the lighter drive-train in an EV, even the best batteries tend to lead to higher masses when applied to vehicles with a normal range. Like all batteries, they have significantly lower specific energy than petroleum fuels-in this case, 30–50 W⋅h/kg. Lead-acid batteries in EV applications end up being a significant (25–50%) portion of the final vehicle mass. Deep-cycle lead batteries are expensive and have a shorter life than the vehicle itself, typically needing replacement every 3 years. Previously, most electric vehicles used lead-acid batteries due to their mature technology, high availability, and low cost, with the notable exception of some early BEVs, such as the Detroit Electric which used a nickel–iron battery. Flooded batteries require inspection of electrolyte levels and occasional replacement of water, which gases away during the normal charging cycle. No lead acid battery should be discharged below 50% of its capacity, as it shortens the battery's life. Deep cycle batteries are also used as the auxiliary batteries in recreational vehicles, but they require different, multi-stage charging. Automobile engine starter batteries are designed to use a small percentage of their capacity to provide high charge rates to start the engine, while deep cycle batteries are used to provide continuous electricity to run electric vehicles like forklifts or golf carts. There are two main types of lead-acid batteries: automobile engine starter batteries, and deep cycle batteries. (Generic statement- fuel and electricity prices vary globally as does vehicle size and demand -source?)įlooded lead-acid batteries are the oldest, cheapest, and, in the past, most common vehicle batteries available. The price of electricity to run an electric vehicle is a small fraction of the cost of fuel for equivalent internal combustion engines, reflecting higher energy efficiency. As of 2018, vehicles with over 250 mi (400 km) of all-electric range, such as the Tesla Model S, are available. As of December 2019, the cost of electric vehicle batteries has fallen 87% since 2010 on a per kilowatt-hour basis. Growth in the industry has generated interest in securing ethical battery supply chains, which presents many challenges and has become an important geopolitical issue. The battery makes up a significant portion of the cost and environmental impact of an electric vehicle. Other types of rechargeable batteries used in electric vehicles include lead–acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel–metal hydride, and others. Unlike earlier battery chemistries, notably nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion batteries can be discharged and recharged daily and at any state of charge. Compared to liquid fuels, most current battery technologies have much lower specific energy, and this often impacts the maximum range of all-electric vehicles. Smaller, lighter batteries are desirable because they reduce the weight of the vehicle and therefore improve its performance. Nissan Leaf cutaway showing part of the battery in 2009Īn electric vehicle battery ( EVB, also known as a traction battery) is a rechargeable battery used to power the electric motors of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV).Įlectric vehicle batteries differ from starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) batteries, as they are typically lithium-ion batteries that are designed for high power-to-weight ratio and energy density. For the starting, lighting and ignition system battery of an automobile, see Automotive battery.
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